EOQ safety stock formula. Mar 26, 2024 · Safety stock, or buffer stock, is the amount of extra inventory you need to keep avoid a shortfall of materials. The formula commonly used to determine safety stock is. Safety stock formula: Safety stock = Z x ∑LT x D. Mar 22, 2019 · The maximum safety stock level can be worked out using the following formula: Maximum Safety Stock = (Maximum Weekly Demand – Average Weekly Demand) × Maximum Lead Time (in Weeks) But this approach is not optimal in all cases. The z-value is based on the desired service level the company is willing to meet. It calculates the average safety stock you need to hold during a stockout scenario, but it doesn’t consider seasonal demand fluctuations. Using this safety stock formula prevents stock outs, which can discourage customers and make your company miss out on sales. Under this method, the number of items sold in a day and the number of days the company intends to hold the stock is taken into account. Utilizing a safety stock formula enables you to manage your inventory based on data, increasing sales and profitability. Connect. A service level of 90% requires an inventory that has enough stock to Nov 30, 2020 · Specifically, here’s the formula. This percentage of cycles where safety stock Apr 19, 2021 · Dengan formula safety stock di atas, kita akan mendapatkan safety stock sebanyak 193 unit. The standard deviation safety stock formula (also known as the King method) is essentially an upgraded, more accurate version of the basic safety stock formula. Safety stock units = (maximum daily usage * maximum lead time) – (average daily usage * average lead time). D avg = average demand for a product. By simply multiplying the formula provides the number of units necessary over the LT = Lead time (time between ordering and receiving an item) What the equation does is define the amount of safety stock you need relative to three things: The lead time. The safety stock formula is: Safety Stock = (Max Lead time * Max Demand) – (Average Lead time * Average Demand). By understanding the principles, embracing the formulas, and utilizing the right tools, businesses can navigate the complex world of inventory with confidence. Though much more complicated, this method can be helpful if you are interested in leaner operations or looking to avoid excess inventory carrying costs: Calculating safety stock accurately is important to inventory optimization. If we take the numbers from our previous examples and assume that the standard deviation is lead time (σLT) is 5, and demand average (d avg) is 40, safety stock according to Greasley method will be: 1. Oct 30, 2020 · Safety stock formula: safety factor X standard deviation of sales X sqrt of average lead time. a month). We cover 3 methods to calculate your Safety Stock - from super simple to advanced statistics: Method 1: Number of Days of Safety - A fast and very basic method to get a quick decision. How to Calculate Safety Stock: Safety Stock = Desired service level x adjusted lead time x demand average (for time period calculated) ⇒ Desired service level is expressed as a percentage that represents the probability of filling an order on-time. your equipment breaks down. Using the basic formula: Safety Stock = (20 x 10) - (15 x 7) = 95 bikes. Note: The safety stock override is used and the planning process doesn't calculate Apr 17, 2019 · Safety inventory is the buffer room in your inventory that protects you if: demand surges one week. This inventory is maintained so that a company has sufficient units on hand to meet unexpected customer and production demand. The safety stock formula ensures enough stock by adding a buffer based on the maximum number of sales made over the maximum number of days of lead time. This quantity is especially useful for companies who want to lower their overhead costs related to ordering, transportation, and storage. It is important to calculate your safety stock carefully because while too little stock will result in shortages, too much stock will inflate your inventory costs. Below are three approaches an organizations may decide to use to determine the appropriate inventory level for a product. Safety stock is the extra inventory to hold for an item for protection against demands exceeding the forecast. Fixed buffer stock is a method of calculating buffer stock used by an inventory manager without using a particular formula. 65 x √5 x 0. This type of stock concerns entities where the demands of the future are not known until they happen, like in distribution centers, stores and dealers. In the MRP Safety Stock Method field, you can choose one of the following options: Static safety stock. ️ (32. com. Oct 7, 2019 · Manual Calculation. Jan 29, 2024 · When selecting a safety stock formula, a business must therefore consider the variability in demand and supply, the nature of the business, and the costs incurred by storing inventory. Here is the calculation with the information listed above: 1. Step 3: Step 2 result - Step 1 result = optimal safety stock. Determining daily customer consumption. Safety Stock = Z x √LTavg x σD. First up, the items that your customers want will either have a predictable or unpredictable supply. Jan 15, 2024 · General safety stock formula. It acts as a buffer stock in case sales are greater than planned and/or the supplier Mar 29, 2023 · Average - Max Safety Stock Formula. In fact, within a company, you are likely to have hundreds or thousands of SKUs , each with unique demand and usage rates. The calculation suggests that to maintain a 90% service level, the company must maintain a safety stock of 320 additional units beyond the expected average demand. SigmaPedia defines Safety Stock as the inventory held in a process as a buffer against demand and supply variations. Historical data from your point of sale system can help you determine this. Summer is around the corner, and you want to make sure you have enough safety stock for patio umbrellas, one of your best-selling products, so you can meet demand for this seasonal Jun 21, 2021 · The safety stock level can be used with the average daily usage and lead time to determine the reorder point, the inventory level at which another product order should be placed with the supplier. Safety Stock = Z x σ√L Nov 19, 2021 · Mary’s average lead time is one week but it can be as high as 1. Gunakan metode ini saat ketidakpastian hanya terjadi pada demand, sedangkan lead time-nya cenderung stabil dan bisa diprediksi. The formula is: Safety stock = Z x average sales x lead time deviation. Nov 30, 2023 · Standard Deviation Formula. For instance, an electronics wholesaler could use this formula for components sourced overseas, where lead times vary due to factors like production schedules Each method uses different factors, but they all require your lead time — the time between the initiation of an order and the completion of the delivery process. This formula is useful when demand is expected to change over time. In most cases, it’s above 90 percent. If your lead times are like clockwork but demand fluctuates, use this formula to calculate your buffer inventory. Safety stock inventory is different from your cycle stock, which is the stock you expect to sell based on your demand forecasts. This guide shows what it is and how to use it to cut warehouse stockout inventory costs. Feb 23, 2024 · After that, enter the formula: Safety Stock = (Max daily sales × Maximum lead time) – (Average daily sales × Average lead time) The formula is from reordering points and is useful when market changes occur over a long period of time (≥ 2 years). May 16, 2022 · Safety stock calculation example. 4 x 5. Shower head B (300 x 1. Jun 24, 2021 · A: Traditional Approach. The eternal question: How to balance the risk of stock-outs with the quantity of safety stock inventory held?. . Reorder point-nya akan selalu sama: Safety Stock + Average sale x Average time = 1322 unit. In PP/DS, there are two different methods with Jan 21, 2019 · There are several methods to calculate safety stock. Apr 22, 2020 · Safety Stock = Ζ * √PC⁄T * σD. This type of inventory cushion is also called safety stock or buffer inventory. Sources and more resources. g. 5 = 1. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is a model used to calculate the optimal order size for inventory management. Safety stock = (maximum daily usage x maximum lead time in days) – (average daily usage x average lead time in days) Here is a simple free calculator to determine your optimal safety stock Jan 6, 2022 · 1. Ship. It acts as a buffer in case the sale of a product is more than the estimates. Maintaining safety stock levels is In the Manage Product Master Data app, you can specify the safety stock method. Let’s say you run a home improvement store. σLT represents the standard deviation of the lead time (as discussed 4. Fixed safety stock is a method used by production planners. You might typically use several journal names to help separate your safety stock calculations. Service Level Approach. To get your average safety stock level, you subtract the total averages from the total maximums. Of course, you must figure out what your lead time demand and safety stock numbers are to determine an accurate calculation. If you can get something the next day you will need less safety stock than if it will take 3 months to arrive. A steel company has a raw materials warehouse Dec 20, 2021 · Safety Stock Calculation: Three Different Methods. Safety stock is the cushion of inventory that satisfies the DS given the random nature of future demands. Safety Stock = (Z-score x Standard Deviation of Demand during Lead Time) + Average Demand during Lead Time. In Excel spreadsheet, the function is referred Safety stock ensures your customers always get the stock they want. Intended to give a rule of thumb based on the daily sales and the stock level to be present for a certain period (e. 5) – (582. Within these main problems, this research narrows its scope to Safety inventory is carried to satisfy demand subject to unpredictable demand fluctuations and to reduce product shortages. Feb 7, 2024 · Safety stock formula that takes into account lead time fluctuations This formula addresses lead time variability and can be useful if your demand uncertainty is negligible in comparison. Z is the number of orders a company expects to fulfill or the service level. 28 x 3 x 30 = 115. Jul 21, 2023 · A time-based safety stock formula is used to compute safety stock levels based on future demand forecasts over a fixed time period. Using this information and her sales data from last month, she can work out safety stock for each showerhead SKU: Shower head A: (630 x 1. Please send us your questions, comments or suggestions to manager@safetystockcalc. Example 1: (2) units of an item are used per year and only ‘demanded’ once per year, the average daily value and resulting Safety Stock will be significantly less than (1 May 17, 2024 · The average daily demand is 15 bikes, and the average lead time is 7 days. . Maximum daily usage: the maximum number of units of the product in question that you can sell in one day. even so, there will be enough inventory to meet demand in 50 percent of cycles. Oct 2, 2020 · by Evan | Oct 2, 2020 | Templates. User-specified values for all items. ∑LT: standard deviation of lead time. Shower head C (900 x 1. Method 2: Average – Max Formula. sales × max. 50 x 1) = 362. Jan 26, 2022 · A good starting point to determining how much safety stock you need is by using a standard safety stock formula. daily usage * avg. 4) calculate the average of the squares. Z = orders your brand expects to fulfill. Starting inventory, safety stock level percentage, initial demand Jun 15, 2023 · Step5 ： Use the safety stock formula. It is because when safety stock is high, carrying costs are high too. that no safety stock is carried. Wikipedia – Safety Stock – Entry on how safety stock is used in logistics. Mar 10, 2023 · Method 2: Standard Deviation Safety Stock. The simplest method for manually calculating safety stock levels is with this formula: (Maximum Daily Usage x Maximum Lead Time) - (Average Daily Usage x Average Lead Time) Let's say your company sells an average of 10 products per day, and your lead time is about 14 days. Or if a supplier is unable to deliver the product in Jan 15, 2024 · General safety stock formula. We store your inventory in any combination of our fulfillment centers. Safety Stock Formula: 6 ways to calculate it - Fishbowl. You must create at least one safety stock journal name before you can generate this type of journal. Another way to look at the differences is like this: safety stock is the equivalent of keeping candles in the cupboard in case there is a power cut. Planned delivery time : 45. lead time in days) In addition, various formulas revolve around the following variables-. For example, if your average daily usage is 100 units and it takes a maximum of three days to restock, your safety stock would be 300 units. May 22, 2024 · Safety Stock Calculation: We will use the basic formula to calculate the safety stock: Safety Stock = 1. Here’s the two main ways to calculate safety stock: 1. D: Average demand. This formula incorporates demand variability, providing a more accurate safety stock calculation: Safety Stock = Z-score x Standard Deviation of Demand during Lead Time In our previous example, average sales were 200 units a week but rose to 300 and let’s say that the lead time is 1 week but can be as high as 1. Actual and ideal inventory behavior. The value for fixed safety stock generally remains unchanged unless the production planner decides to change it. Example of how to calculate optimal inventory level. 5 weeks. Therefore, the safety stock level is 275 units. Standard Deviation Formula. a supplier’s shipment is delayed by a couple of days. Note: sqrt is an abbreviation for square root. In safety stock calculations, the forecast quantity is often used In Production Planning and Detailed Scheduling (PP/DS) you can take safety stock and target stock levels into account during planning. To calculate the safety stock, you need to know four values: Safety Stock Formula. (MDU x MLT) – (ADU x ALT) Maximum daily usage x maximum lead time. GR Processing Time (GRT) : 0. 5) calculate the square root of the average. Demand (Daily Sales)× Period= Safety Stock(Example: 5,000 units× 30 days (1 month) = 150,000 units/month). Safety stock can help the supply chain manager improve product availability in the presence of uncertainty. Shows the stock level that should always be available to satisfy unusually high demand for a given material or The appropriate amount of safety stock to keep on hand can be calculated with this formula: Step 1: Average daily sales of product x average lead time = average safety stock. We also call it Buffer stock. Safety stocks are intended to balance out unforeseeable requirements, due to forecasting errors, breakdowns in production, or seasonal fluctuations in requirements. Plot the values that you got earlier into your safety stock calculations. To use this safety stock formula, you need to know the maximum daily sales, maximum lead time, average daily sales, and average lead time. It also considers your longest lead time and your average lead time. The deployment indicator is an important parameter for both DRP and deployment. Mastering safety stock calculations in Excel propels inventory management to new heights. Sep 21, 2020 · Learn about the safety stock formula and increase your bottom line. There are four key variables you’ll need in order to calculate safety stock. The safety stock equation takes into consideration what your peak daily usage was and what your average usage was. Service Level %age : 85 Service level Factor - R = : 1. ⇒ The adjusted lead time is the lead time that accounts for late and Download the EXCEL Safety Stock Calculator: https://abcsupplychain. The reorder point is the level where you need to reorder more products. 9 = 1376. 24 x 0. May 27, 2022 · Safety stock is the extra quantity of a product that a company keeps in inventory to lower the risk of running out of stock for that product. You can improve this reorder point calculation by compiling an income statement every 3 months. 3. 50 units. To do this, go to Plants MRP Data Lot-Size Data. Using the data specified above, we arrive at a buffer of: Safety Stock = 1. For our example, our stock formula Create a new safety stock journal name. Maximum Daily Usage: You may be accustomed to talking about your Average Order Volume (or AOV), but maximum daily usage is an Using the formula, you can calculate your safety stock as: Safety stock = (15 x 10) - (10 x 5) = 100 kg. 3 as per SAP Help Chart corresponding to service level percentage maintained in MRP2 view. Connect your store, import your products, then send us your inventory. The safety stock amounts to 1377 units. Using the above example, if the safety stock level is 270, a new order should be placed when inventory reaches 450 units. sales × avg. The meaning of variables in the basic safety stock formula: Z: service level value. Enjoy! Introduction to safety stock calculation. Applying the Safety Stock Formula to Prevent Stock Outs. This method considers the maximum and average lead time and demand. With the average - max safety stock formula, you multiply the maximum lead time by the maximum daily units sold for a particular product and do the same for the average of both. Method 3: Normal Distribution with uncertainty about the demand. 65 x 141. When determining the safety stock, it is important to consider the EOQ. Conclusion. Nov 19, 2021 · Shower head B (300 x 1. Step 2: Maximum daily sales of product x maximum lead time = maximum safety stock. Let’s put the safety stock formula into practice by doing a sample calculation. Mar 28, 2023 · A good safety stock level depends on various factors which include inventory velocity, current and forecasted demand, lead time, and sales volume. 270 + (12 x 15 = 180) = 450. Things to consider in this calculation are your lead time and service levels as well as the changing landscape of brick and mortar shopping to ecommerce. lead time) – (avg. Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the ideal amount of inventory your brand should purchase to minimize its inventory costs. Z is the service level that you want to provide, which is highly subjective based on your business. 1. There are six different safety stock formulas so you can choose the best method to suit your business. To calculate your safety stock this way, use the formula: Oct 13, 2023 · In Maintenance many items are often used in multiples but, given the formula’s basis on average daily usage a Safety Stock value may result in an insufficient quantity. Interpretation. problems of dimensioning, positioning, managing and placement. This is intuitive. To work out your safety stock calculation, you first need the formula. 3) square each difference. It is commonly calculated using the following equation: Safety Stock (SS) = Norminv (DS)*sqrt (LT/30)*STD. The first approach is the most basic and doesn't quite confront risk of a stock out, the last is the more complex, but the calculation attempts to mitigate this risk. In this situation, the Z-score is zero. When dealing with variables, it’s better to use the standard deviation method of calculating safety stock. Problems arise with this formula if the maximum lead time and sales are considerably higher than the average, which results in the levels of safety stock being significantly inflated. 5) – (200 × 1) = 250 units. Fixed safety stock. Nov 10, 2022 · Once you have these numbers, you can calculate your safety stock by multiplying the average daily usage by the maximum number of days it would take to restock, also known as the lead time. If Z-score equals 1, the safety stock will protect against one standard deviation; there will be enough inventory 84 percent of the time. The calculation typically involves several factors, and the formula for calculating safety stock is as follows: Safety Stock = (Z-score * Standard Deviation of Demand * Lead Time) + (Average Demand * Lead Time) Here’s a breakdown of the components in this formula: Safety Stock: This is the additional inventory maintained beyond the expected Aug 17, 2023 · We can use the following formula to calculate the safety stock quantity: Safety Stock Quantity = Z-value of Service Level * Standard Deviation of Demand * Square Root of Average Lead Time. Apr 25, 2024 · The safety stock optimization formula is Safety Stock = (Maximum Daily Usage x Maximum Lead Time) – (Average Daily Usage x Average Lead Time). They determine the amount of buffer Jan 1, 2020 · Typically, the research works on safety stock methods cover the. 5) – (240 x 1) = 210 units. The simplest option is adopting this widely used safety stock formula: Safety stock = (maximum daily usage x maximum lead time) - (average daily usage x average lead time) Here are the variables that go into this formula: Maximum daily usage: the maximum number of units sold in one day The formula for the same is, Safety Stock = Z x Demand Standard Deviation x sqrt (Average LT) + Z x Average sales x Lead time standard deviation. Statistical for end items, user-specified for all others. Deployment considers the safety stock also for the calculation of the replenishment quantities and EOQ for rounding. Apr 10, 2024 · Safety stock general formula. Using the formula below, we can work out safety stock: (max. 65 x 2. Readers may use our Dec 4, 2023 · Formula for demand variability. This means that you should always have at least 100 kg of flour in your inventory, in case Dec 18, 2023 · The safety stock formula typically involves factors such as lead time, average demand, and demand variance, which can be efficiently processed using Excel spreadsheet functionalities. Finally, the optimal stock level formula would be worked out as follows: Optimal stock level = optimal order quantity + minimum stock level + safety stock level. This calculation helps maintain an optimal level of inventory reserve. Safety stock formula. While that may sound simple, there are two variables you need to consider before you calculate the safety stock you need. The general safety stock formula is the most common method of calculating safety stock levels. ” It’s not ideal since it may result in supply shortages that annoy customers and result in lost sales. Statistical safety stock for end items, none for all others. Nov 26, 2021 · Average – Max Safety Stock Formula Formula ini paling cocok untuk waktu tunggu yang singkat, karena tidak memperhitungkan variabel waktu tunggu yang lama. Safety stock is an additional quantity of an item held in the inventory to reduce the risk that the item will be out of stock. Safety stock is the extra inventory that helps you avoid stock-outs and balance costs. Method 1: Basic Safety Stock Formula. 4 Methods with the normal distribution. Feb 22, 2021 · Safety stock formula. To calculate the safety stock, you need to know four values: Apr 10, 2014 · Safety Stock Calculation: ( As an Example ) SAP Formula Number : 17 SS = R x Square root of W x MAD. com/download-safety-stock-excel/Join my next Inventory Management WORKSHOP (free): https:/ Oct 1, 2018 · In this case, Company A would need to account for the 10 business days when calculating their safety stock. Safety Stock Formula. The average max safety stock formula gives you the closest estimate to determine your safety stock, but this may vary from business to business. About Calculating Safety Stock. 9 x 35) + 1377 = 2501. Typically, for such unpredictable variations, more safety stock will be required. Mar 3, 2023 · Learn how to calculate safety stock using a formula and examples for retail businesses. For example, Company A currently sells an average 440 units a month. Basic safety stock formula: Safety stock = (Z * σ * √LT) Z: represents the Z-score based on the desired service level (fill rate) σ: is the standard deviation of demand (where Sep 24, 2020 · Safety Stock = (15 x 23) – (7 x 10) = 345 – 70 = 275. lead time) (300 × 1. Ini menghitung jumlah maksimum rata-rata unit yang dibutuhkan pada waktu tertentu. Safety stock acts as a buffer to protect against unexpected fluctuations in demand, supply shortages, or other unforeseen events. EOQ and safety stock are used by DRP in order to determine the requirements for procurement. Fixed Buffer Stock. Nov 8, 2023 · Safety stock is excess inventory that acts as a buffer between forecasted and actual demand levels. Jan 1, 2014 · Abstract. On the Action Pane, select New. Oct 24, 2019 · Reorder Point Formula (ROP) The formula used to determine your inventory reorder point is relatively simple: Reorder Point = Lead Time Demand + Safety Stock. In practice, companies identify their optimal May 31, 2024 · Summary. So, Book Haven should ideally keep a safety stock of 350 books of that title to ensure they don't run out during periods of high demand or unexpected supply delays. We developed the information to explain how to calculate inventory safety stock, a free online calculator, and a downloadable Excel spreadsheet calculator. By mastering these Excel essentials for safety stock calculation, businesses can maintain a delicate balance between having enough stock on hand and minimizing Aug 30, 2021 · This is another very popular way to calculate safety stock and accounts for high variability in lead times. 5) – (600 x 1) = 750 units. Let’s illustrate the formulas above with a specific example. The formula is expressed as Z × σLT × D avg. Go to Master planning > Setup > Safety stock journal names. Trade Gecko – Determining your safety stock level – The formula we’re using for this safety stock calculator. It also plays a part in the broader scope of inventory management. However, it’s wrong to assume that it’s 440 units divided by 30 or 31 days. In a nutshell, this formula explains that safety stock is calculated as the average uncertainty in demand around the mean forecasted value (σ D) multiplied by the square root of the duration of the (performance) cycle for which we are stocking (√ PC ⁄ T) multiplied by a value associated with the portion Safety Stock Calculation: 6 different formulas. Average daily usage x average lead time (in days) Subtract the average from the maximum for your safety stock calculation. And, the reorder point amounts to 2502 units. They determine the amount of safety stock to keep from the maximum daily usage for over a period of time, but without using a particular formula. Calculating safety stock with economic order quantity (EOQ) The safety stock formula is a key component in your risk management strategy, ensuring you have the right amount of extra stock to cover unexpected surges in demand or supply chain delays. Dec 13, 2023 · Safety stock is usually a set level based on each SKU, whereas buffer stock regularly fluctuates depending on seasonality and marketing campaigns. Safety stock is held when uncertainty exists in demand, supply, or manufacturing yield, and serves as an insurance against stockouts. The following are the four safety stock planning methods from which to select: Do not plan safety stock. 85. 2. 2. By taking the maximum and average scenarios into account, you can better safeguard against stockouts or overstocking. The formula or method to calculate safety stock need to be dynamic and must be linked to the accuracy of forecast, variation in lead times, service levels, and so on. Calculating safety stock is not that difficult, but it is even easier if you use Here’s the safety stock formula: Safety stock = (maximum daily use x maximum lead time) - (average daily use x average lead time) This formula accounts for fluctuations in both average daily usage and lead times. Greasley's safety stock formula: Z × σLT x d avg. Basic Safety Stock Method. It is a significant thing for a retailer. However, choosing a formula is a complicated process that must be consistently reevaluated to avoid the risks and challenges that come with safety stock management. As soon as a customer places an order, we ship it from the nearest fulfillment center. Safety stock does not just involve finished goods; it can also be applied to raw materials, to guard against delays in Oct 11, 2022 · A safety stock estimate may be nothing more than a gut instinct for some business owners or an “educated guess . 5. These are all values which can be calculated, but you need to pick a period of time over which to calculate them. Excel, with its robust computing power, plays an integral role in this process. This Safety Stock Inventory template is prepared for simulating orders and inventory positions according to Safety Stock policy. %UH& 8u00178,*p8* ѿ u0015 $܀ U Ɋ u0004 u001b u0017 u0014Tc Z u001e / {Hc u001f h { Hu0010u0004Z f#g o bu0012诟 *~-~u001a 9 Q fru001d' u000fRu001csu0012; } y g u0010 F < F`Fl \ n V [ J u0002 p Mu0010 u0006 ̅u0005 p u0005 u001eңu0012u0004 C ? u000f pO Jun 22, 2021 · In this case, with a maximum lead time of 40 days, the safety stock is (20 x 40) – (300), or 500 units. 2) determine the difference of each number and the mean. Jun 12, 2023 · Basic Safety stock formula: The general formula for Safety Stock = (Max daily usage Max lead time in days) – (avg. Store. Norminv (DS) is the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution function. The safety stock formula works in conjunction with the reorder point formula. u0015 u0004 e E !Cb v#u0018 . The items that are difficult to forecast accurately Standard deviation is calculated by the following steps: 1) determine the mean (average) of a set of numbers. Using the Basic Safety Stock Formula: Safety Stock = (150 books - 80 books) x 5 days = 70 books x 5 days = 350 books. Method 4: Normal distribution with uncertainty about the lead time. 28 × 250 = 320 units . In conclusion, mastering inventory management through accurate safety stock calculation is a journey of strategy, data analysis, and technology. up bo vw dy md no hv zu xs dq