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We can install it with pacman: $ sudo pacman Jun 14, 2023 · sudo apt install pavucontrol. This will start recording from your microphone. com/roelvandepaarWith thanks & praise to God, and Instalando y usando Pavucontrol. Further, users can launch the “ PulseAudio ” by searching the application name in the application menu: Click on the “ PulseAudio ” icon PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK+ based volume control tool (mixer) for the PulseAudio sound server. The Playback tab will show a list of applications that are currently playing audio. Sep 17, 2021 · sudo apt-get install pavucontrol. Start Pavucontrol and check that your sound device is listed on the Output devices tab. Type sudo apt-get install pavucontrol and press Enter. Installation¶ Pavucontrol ist bei den meisten offiziellen Ubuntu-Varianten vorinstalliert. In Rack tab add whichever plugin you want. One possible cause of no sound after install is that PulseAudio detects the wrong output device as a default. This package does not come with a test suite. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. If this command does not work (due to your Ubuntu version), you may follow the installation steps defined in Solution 6 below. This package is known to build and work properly using an LFS-10. Sep 14, 2020 · This one is a little more complicated. Once the volume control panel for PulseAudio is pavucontrol. Pavucontrol is a graphical control utility for the Linux pulse audio system. - When I drag the slider of headphone in it, appear a sound in headphone that is the sound effect of Ubuntu audio slider, that shows that the hardware is okay suggesting that is a problem of configuration (its working in Xubuntu too as Oct 12, 2023 · then build and install Hyprland: $ cd hyprland-source. 4 KB. && ninja. class=Audio/Sink sink_name=default_null_sink channel_map=FL,FR. In contrast to classic mixer tools this one allows you to control both the volume of hardware devices and of each playback stream separately. PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK+ based volume control tool (mixer) for the PulseAudio sound server. Reinstalling PulseAudio: sudo apt install --reinstall pulseaudio; rm -r ~/. pavucontrol - A volume control for the PulseAudio sound server. Install Bluez sudo apt-get install bluez Apr 13, 2017 · pavucontrol全名为PulseAudio Volume Control,是一个简单的PulseAudio调音台,基于GTK开发的免费开源软件。 它可以很方便的控制每个正在发声程序的音量。跟使用Windows系统调音台几乎一样。 除了Gnome自带的声音设置,以及kde自带的Kmix,pavucontrol是一个很好的替代选择。 介绍 Packages to install: pipewire pipewire-pulseaudio pipewire-alsa. On the Input Devices tab select Show: All input devices. another output device without interrupting playback. Once finished, run the application by typing pavucontrol on terminal and press Enter. 2-2 (Depends On: pulseaudio) extra pulseaudio 14. Explore package details and follow step-by-step instructions for a smooth process Linux Packages Open main menu Install pavucontrol. If you run into errors, check the printed log to see if you missed installing a package somewhere. If the sound is registering in the vu vumetre of that program Oct 1, 2023 · xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin. Under Port, select the correct microphone (front or rear) Share. Build Date: 2024-05-24 01:36 UTC. Now, as the root user: Oct 5, 2020 · sudo apt-get install pavucontrol. It also allows you to redirect a playback stream to another output device Introduction. I'm not even sure where to start looking. Mar 31, 2021 · 79 sudo reboot 80 exit 81 fcitx-configtool 82 sudo apt-get install pavucontrol 83 pavucontrol 84 speaker-test --channels 2 --rate 48000 --device hw:0,3 85 alsamixer 86 sudo alsa force-reload 87 sudo apt-get remove --purge alsa-base 88 sudo apt-get remove --purge pulseaudio 89 sudo apt-get install alsa-base 90 sudo apt-get install pulseaudio 91 May 27, 2014 · Try removing and re-installing alsa and pulseaudio: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get remove --purge alsa-base pulseaudio && sudo apt-get install alsa-base pulseaudio && sudo alsa force-reload. Jan 20, 2021 · And pamac install pipewire-pulse requests removal of 2 packages from my system To remove (2): pulseaudio-jack 14. First, install the application by running the following commands: sudo apt update sudo apt install pavucontrol Next, search for "pulseaudio volume" or "pavucontrol" in your installed applications. Once installed, you can search for "pavucontrol" in the application drawer, you will not find it. with --purge option in order to do the reset (without it, pavucontrol configurations - which can be the issue - wouldn't be removed) Reinstall pavucontrol like we do usually : sudo apt install pavucontrol. You have to reboot for the changes to take effect. Pro tip: Pipe the installation process into a log file with. Click the lock icon to unlock the channels. I used pavucontrol, as explained in this Ask Ubuntu answer and it solved the problem: Install pavucontrol: sudo apt-get install pavucontrol. 1. After you’re already recording, open PulseAudio Volume Control and navigate your way to the “Recording” tab. The next thing you can do to solve this issue is to install Pavucontrol, which allows you to manage audio devices on your system and also helps you select the appropriate input and output devices. 2 posts • Page 1 of 1 Install pavucontrol Using aptitude. linger=1 media. Sep 6, 2017 · I'm running my Arch installation off an SSD and most applications will just launch instantly but in my current install so far pavucontrol, nautilus and lutris are all taking the same long amount of time to load. Install pavucontrol and check if there is any output on the pavucontrol panel when playing a . Ubuntu $ sudo apt-get install pavucontrol Or QT Version May 7, 2021 · Distribution. Activate the recording program. config/pulse; sudo reboot. The volume for each application can be individually controlled. Typically PulseAudio would be provided by your OS distribution. Now, start playing something from Google Chrome. sudo aptitude update. sudo make install > install. You can tell by whether the little mute icon appears depressed Overview. Click Install, or in a Terminal run this command: su -c "dnf install pavucontrol". Start with the rightmost Configuration tab, which lists your sound cards. Shell/Bash March 27, 2022 6:00 PM could not find 21 android x assemblies make sure to install the following nuget packages. Sound settings or packages related to the sound system can become corrupt or broken. 04 by using the below command in your Terminal window. each sound device should have its own speakers connected when If you need to install it manually, apt-get install pulseaudio should "just work" in every release since Debian 6 (Squeeze). service. When you launch the tool, you’ll see a display like this. Signed By: Jan Alexander Steffens. You will need to look around this program for your microphone and ensure it is working at a suitable level. e. Connect your speakers (headphones) to all your computer’s sound devices, i. On Fedora, instead, we can install the “waybar” package by using dnf: $ sudo dnf install waybar. To reset the audioserver try this in a terminal: pulseaudio -D. Start Carla through Pipewire, pw-jack carla-rack. Make sure Nov 3, 2021 · New code examples in category Shell/Bash. Improve this answer. If you want it to start up automatically, enable it: sudo systemctl enable bluetooth. You may choose a preset from the presets list on the right, or set the levels on your own. Loging out and in wont work. sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade. config/pulse ~/. To install Pavucontrol, run the following command on your system according to your distribution’s package manager: Dec 23, 2011 · If you don’t have a multichannel sound card then you don’t need to bother install this actually. 04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) with our comprehensive guide. Update apt database with aptitude using the following command. pulse ~/. Connect a Bluetooth device and check that it appears in the list of devices. Siendo un paquete que depende de PulseAudio, en teoría lo anterior también debería instalar lo necesario para que funcione. 3. Run qjackctl: $ qjackctl Click on Setup, and check that the output Interface is the correct one (if you have an HDMI output for example this check may be important). Waybar is also available in the Archlinux “Extra” repository. I'll file that for future reference. The last command should restart the PulseAudio server and launch a desktop application for its settings. 04 Precise Pangolin, 11. sudo apt-get install pavucontrol Mar 29, 2022 · sudo dnf install pavucontrol OpenSUSE sudo zypper install pavucontrol. Then launch pavucontrol (either by typing pavucontrol in a terminal, or launching PulseAudio Volume Control from the applications menu), and on the playback tab you can change the stream individually, for each application. Not sure if I'm running the command correctly tho: "sudo pacman -S --overwrite libcanberra-0. In pavucontrol, in the Recording tab, change the recording program's input to the Monitor of option for the remapping. Go to the Input Devices tab. If you want to follow this method, you might need to install aptitude on Kali Linux first since aptitude is usually not installed by default on Kali Linux. log 2>&1, then run. Follow May 13, 2020 · sudo apt-get remove --purge pulseaudio sudo apt-get install pulseaudio mv ~/. Signature Date: Version 6. 04 LTS (Focal Fossa) with our comprehensive guide. The software list shows the PulseAudio Volume Control. In this tutorial we learn how to install pavucontrol on Debian 10. answered May 28, 2014 at 12:05. On the Output Devices tab, you have the possibility to configure the sound output by dragging the slider to the left or to the Installation of pavucontrol Install pavucontrol by running the following commands: mkdir build && cd build && meson setup --prefix=/usr --buildtype=release -Dlynx=false . It has four tabs. Once it is open, find the “Configuration” tab and click on it with the mouse to access the device profile area. How can I install it by hand? I just need to get it for skype sound but my apt does not work. Here are the steps for installing pavucontrol on a Debian-based system using the apt package manager: 1. After updating apt database, We can install pavucontrol-qt using Install a desktop version of Fedora 34 (or later). Mar 17, 2020 · sudo apt install pavucontrol. 10 Oneiric Ocelot, 11. A convenient way to adjust the audio volume of the PulseAudio sound system and an auto mixer tool like pavucontrol. (Linux) Use pavucontrol to assign the newly created TRUSDX audio device to the application you'd like to use for transmitting and receiving (or do that from the application itself, if it includes audio settings - WSJT-X does). Better cross-platform support. pulseaudio A simple volume control tool (mixer) for the PulseAudio sound server. PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a volume control tool (“mixer”) for the PulseAudio sound server. Here’s a quick guide on how to create virtual audio cables using Pulse Audio. Launch it: pavucontrol. config/new_pulse_conf Reboot your pc! The 3rd command just changes the pulse directory name. Starting at the Playback tab, you’ll find application-specific volume controls. I tried a bunch of solutions online, but none of them works. Jan 10, 2015 · Install: $ sudo apt install jack2 pavucontrol qjackctl pulseaudio-module-jack. pulse-cookie ~/. Jan 21, 2021 · In case you want to stream the sound from a particular application only, install pavucontrol: sudo apt install pavucontrol. The pavucontrol project seems to be alive again. And, open it (pavucontrol) -> go to the Configuration tab -> make sure nothing is Muted, or that it is correct Input/Output devices. This package is known to build and work properly using an LFS-11. Jonathan. However, none of this seems to work. Dec 18, 2022 · Or you may install pavucontrol (PulseAudio Volume Control) and check under the Configuration tab: Share. pavucontrol. Launch pavucontrol and open the "Playback" tab. I installed pavucontrol, but then my laptop shutdown because I had forgot to connect it to a power source (I'm still configuring Arch and haven't added a battery widget on QTIle). in the box that appears. When I run lutris from the terminal with debugging, the output seems normal except that it May 5, 2024 · - I tried to install pavucontrol and switch the headphone in selection in Ubuntu, but the sound doesn't work. 04 Natty Narwhal, 10. We can use yum or dnf to install pavucontrol on CentOS Mar 25, 2022 · Most of my systems are running debian based distros. and reconfigure dpkg: sudo dpkg --configure -a. This is a GTK based audio controller. Explore package details and follow step-by-step instructions for a smooth process Linux Packages Open main menu May 22, 2024 · Adjust device and app volumes. PulseAudio is a sound system for POSIX OSes, meaning that it is a proxy for your sound applications. In my case, I have the sound card that's built in to my laptop (Cannon Point is one of Intel's place-name codes, after a nature preserve in Georgia). pavucontrol - PulseAudio Volume Control. config/pulse. Install Pavucontrol. Apr 28, 2024 · Solution 1: To install pavucontrol in a shell/bash environment, you can use the package manager available on your system. Troubleshooting Step 4: Verify the Installation. Reboot. Speziell bei Lubuntu, dass bis einschließlich 16. pavucontrol-qt is the Qt port of the volume control pavucontrol for the sound server PulseAudio. Last Packager: Jan Alexander Steffens. Uninstall pavucontrol and reset his parameters to the default configuration : sudo apt remove pavucontrol --purge. Because of this there might be some updates that you have missed so run your update manager or while you are still in terminal. Jun 29, 2024 · Install or uninstall pavucontrol on Ubuntu 22. Apr 30, 2020 · sudo systemctl start bluetooth. By changing the name you cause the pulse configuration to be reloaded. Ansonsten kann das folgende Paket installiert werden : This test case can be performed on bare-metal machines. pavucontrol is: PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK+ based volume control tool (mixer) for the PulseAudio sound server. Remember to install a 2-channels flavour. It also allows you to redirect a playback stream to another output device Mar 2, 2022 · It looks like pavucontrol wasn't removed properly, but I'm unsure how I should clean the "leftovers". Install Pavucontrol utility by running this line of code: May 24, 2024 · Installed Size: 833. I also have "USB PnP Audio Device", because the Apr 9, 2021 · sudo apt-get install pavucontrol. Being a package that depends on PulseAudio, theoretically the above should also install what is necessary to make it work. Apr 13, 2021 · PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK based volume control tool ("mixer") for the PulseAudio sound server. Apr 3, 2015 · Install pavucontrol: sudo apt-get install pavucontrol. It will show up there, and it will show what output device is being used for Google Chrome. of each playback stream separately. sudo apt-get install pulseaudio. sispus commented on 2020-02-18 11:19 (UTC) I could not install this package. Enter the following commands to do so: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8. 04 ohne PulseAudio ausgeliefert wurde, werden durch die Installation von pavucontrol alle für PulseAudio notwendigen Komponenten nachinstalliert. Dec 8, 2013 · sudo apt-get install pavucontrol paprefs Pavucontrol is an advanced volume and device control program, paprefs lets you configure some advanced PulseAudio features if you wish. Now, search and open the applet from the Applications menu, or launch it directly from the terminal by entering. After updating apt database, We can install pavucontrol using May 15, 2011 · I need to install pavucontrol by hand, because my apt does not work. 0 is available upstream. Aug 18, 2015 · To install this tool, open Software and type the keyword “pulseaudio” or “volume” in the search bar. Open the terminal. Eventually we'd like to move away from this and use a TUI solution, but it's got all the modern features of an audio control software, and will get you up and running pretty quickly; Installing bluetooth functionality. Look at the "Playback" tab in pavucontrol, you can see a entry with your playing application and a button to change the used audio device and select the desired device. py -v . Inside the “Configuration” area, you’ll see all available sound devices Jun 19, 2019 · Install pavucontrol In order to manage the audio output sources you will need Pavucontrol available in your system. It can optionally handle multimedia keys for controlling the audio volume. # solution 1. g. Check the Volume level and if necessary Unmute the Monitor of Built-in Analog Audio channel by clicking on the little speaker icon. While Audacity is recording: In the Jun 16, 2021 · For Ubuntu environments that use pulseaudio, Ubuntu has its own custom sound indicator that will allow you to select the preferred device and control the volume of each application. To adjust the volume for the system sounds and other sounds either through any multimedia player or any recorder on Debian 12 using PulseAudio, it is necessary to install its volume control and to install it execute: sudo apt install pavucontrol -y. These commands can also help fix the Sound settings showing "Dummy Output" as the audio output. wav file. Apr 29, 2024 · Install or uninstall pavucontrol on Ubuntu 20. patreon. Jan 12, 2024 · Restarting PulseAudio: pulseaudio -k && pulseaudio --start. 1 ” version of the PulseAudio has been installed on Ubuntu 22. As PulseAudio forms part of what is typically preferred to as the plumbing layer of Linux userspace, it is a non-trivial job to integrate it fully to form a complete system. In this tutorial we learn how to install pavucontrol on Ubuntu 20. Share. When the “EQ Enabled” box is ticked, the equalizer is active and all sounds from all streams are Mar 22, 2023 · Audio Troubleshooting. With this tool you can select which audio inputs and outputs are active and their relative volume levels. Reinstall it if it does. The software belongs to the LXQt project but its usage isn't limited to this desktop environment. I'd never used it before, but the learning curve was easy. How to test. Run: pavucontrol. Mar 15, 2021 · If you are not able to get the microphone working through the default settings section, you can install the PulseAudio Volume Control application. Anyhow if you want, you can install pavucontrol in Ubuntu 12. It also allows you to redirect a playback stream to. Aug 16, 2018 · 0. 10 and 10. Feb 19, 2017 · In this section, we will discuss a program that anyone can install to operate the sophisticated Linux audio system efficiently. Install pipewire-pulse, pipewire-jack and carla. $ cat install. . Run the script in terminal: python3 trusdx-txrx. Sep 5, 2020 · options snd-hda-intel model=headset-mode. Then do a complete shutdown and restart. pulseaudio -k && sudo alsa force-reload. With the Pavucontrol app installed, open it by searching for it in the app menu. I decided to use alsamixer instead. I've tried this from the Wiki but without success. Connect speakers to the line-out port and headphones to the rear port. Jan 10, 2020 · Ubuntu: How to Install pavucontrol without apt?Helpful? Please support me on Patreon: https://www. Oct 6, 2020 · Install pavucontrol it is available for every major distribution. pavucontrol Using the PulseAudio GUI App. In pavucontrol set the soundcard used to Analog Surround 4. Para instalar Pavucontrol en Ubuntu, basta con abrir un terminal y escribir: sudo apt install pavucontrol. pavucontrol actually eats up CPU time. PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK based volume control tool (“mixer”) for the PulseAudio sound server. In this application - PulseAudio Volume Control - look through the tabs and see if either the input or output device is muted. PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK based volume control tool ("mixer") for the PulseAudio sound server. 1 platform. PulseAudio becomes the default when the package is installed. 99. sudo apt-get update. Launch your playback application and start playing something. pactl load-module module-null-sink object. Install a desktop version of Fedora 34 (or later). Use the following command to check the version of PulseAudio: $ pulseaudio --version. sudo apt install pavucontrol Once this is installed copy the default configuration to your config folder. Shell/Bash March 27, 2022 6:25 PM how to send a pull request in git. 0 is available upstream, while the latest version in the Gentoo tree is 5. sudo alsa force-reload. To open pavucontrol from the Terminal: Select the "Playback" menu and make sure that you have it set to Show Applications. You can try this configuration: options snd_hda_intel model=dell-headset-multi. Spotify works, but when I open a new video in Chrome for example, it just Dec 7, 2019 · sudo rm /var/lib/dpkg/lock. Remap stereo to mono May 5, 2022 · Solution 2 – Install PulseAudio Volume Control. In my case, I'll just use the default and I'll come back here if I've some issues later. 0-r3. I can select the headphones from Gnome Settings or pavucontrol, and e. The “ 15. ”. # then I did. 5mm audio jack, the HDMI feed to a TV or Montor or Sound bar, or your Fibre Optical speakers) and also different volume levels for various programs or hardware thingies. After that, it did not solve my Skype problem and it caused my laptop to lose audio output. classic mixer tools this one allows you to control both the volume of hardware devices and. 30+2+gc0620e4-5 pavucontrol" Any suggestions? Thanks! Last edited by kiosnk (2022-03-02 02:20:33) Install PulseAudio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is a simple GTK+ based volume control tool (mixer) for the PulseAudio sound server. This is why we strongly encourage you to go via your distribution whenever possible. Mar 2, 2024 · To install Waybar on the latest Debian stable (Bookworm) and other Debian-based distribution, we can run: $ sudo apt install waybar. Jul 20, 2020 · To run Pavucontrol, open up the activities screen and type in ‘pulse’ in the input field as shown below : Once you click on the Pavucontrol icon, you will see the following screen : Pulseaudio volume control Ubuntu. Install the pavucontrol package. Thanks. I then removed it with: "yay -R pavucontrol" and tried to install it again with The standard GUI PulseAudio controller is pavucontrol. pavucontrol allows you to select what audio outputs (like select between the 3. log | less. First make sure that Pulse Audio Volume Control (pavucontrol) is installed. asound* ~/. Dec 13, 2021 · To install pavucontrol, open the Terminal and enter the following commands: pulseaudio --start sudo apt install pavucontrol After that, run pavucontrol either from the terminal or looking up “PulseAudio Volume Control” in your desktop environment’s launch menu. Jun 23, 2023 · Method 3: Install Pavucontrol. You can turn on all adapters with Blueman: Now you should be ready to connect and pair. Open a terminal window by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T or searching for "Terminal" in the application menu. Per-application volume controls. Sound is still muted, but I am working on that. Perform the following steps as a regular user. Nov 25, 2018 · $ sudo apt-get install pavucontrol $ pavucontrol Also I removed then reinstall the pulse audio as $ sudo apt-get install pulseaudio With the steps above at least I see my hardware in the Sound settings (output) So it is a step forward. Then using the following commands, make new sinks for the speakers and for the headphones, link the speakers to the front channels and link the headphones to the rear channels: Jul 8, 2024 · PulseAudio (or PA for short) is a multi-platform, open source, sound server that provides a number of features on top of the low-level audio interface ALSA, such as: Networking support (P2P and server mode). Edit: If you already have pavucontrol installed, and it's still not working: ( If you already had it installed) Try to remove it, reboot, and install it again. After rebooting, I tried to run pavucontrol but it wouldn't start. Specify in the comments if you used the VM for this test. Install pavucontrol-qt Using aptitude. $ sudo make install. Introduction. The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. Everything will use it. 2 things to note: you need pipewire-alsa or else none of your devices will show up, and installing pipewire-pulseaudio will probably uninstall pavucontrol. See this unixmen tutorial if it doesn't work. Dec 31, 2023 · Step 2: Install PulseAudio Volume Control. In contrast to. If you would prefer to try pulseaudio's generic control GUI, install the pavucontrol package and launch it with terminal command: pavucontrol. Please consider updating! It seems that version 6. . As such it can be used to adjust all controls provided by PulseAudio and ALSA as well as some additional settings. Sep 24, 2020 · Oct 5, 2020 at 22:45. It is possible that this change may cause you to lose the microphone or phones when plugging in the headset. Or if. What is pavucontrol. Click on the drop-down menu that says: “ALSA plug-in [audacity]… from. The computer must be equipped with a sound device with multiple ports (speakers and phones), such as laptops or desktops with back and front audio outputs. 0 Output. Open a terminal again and type (ignore any errors with the rm command): rm -r ~/. 04. Apr 27, 2022 · sudo apt install pulseeffects Then check the Multimedia item in your Mint Menu. 2-2 (Conflicts With: pipewire-pulse) extra Oct 13, 2022 · sudo apt install pavucontrol Once installed, open the PulseAudio Volume Control app in the Activities menu, or run pavucontrol in a terminal. Many times, deleting the configuration files, reinstalling the sound-related packages, and restarting the audio software can help. Hit the record button, just like above. Here are the solutions that I already tried. To troubleshoot via CLI only, install pamixer and check the output of the following command: Using pavucontrol, in the Playback tab, change the desired program's output device to the remapping. Repeat for any other programs whose audio should be included. The computer must be equipped with at least two sound devices. This can be checked by with pavucontrol (in the pavucontrol package). Now we should be up and running. The volume can be adjusted using keyboard shortcuts, mouse wheel, a slider in a popup menu, or via a linked external audio mixer tool. In contrast to classic mixer tools, this one allows you to control both the volume of hardware devices and of each playback stream separately. @mavix At the Input devices tab , monitor of built-in audio digital stereo (hdmi) , not 2nd: Monitor of Built-in audio analog stereo, (But here, 3rd: Built-in Audio Analog Stereo (Internal Microphone) at this line, look to the right, 3 buttons: a greyd out (muted) speaker, and a lock, and a green, Ok-symbol) – William Open up Pulse Audio's volume control (you may need to install it as it is not installed by default in Mint, look for pavucontrol). The process begins with the installation of the Pavucontrol utility. 0 platform. At the begin, create a new PulseAudio null sink named default_null_sink . sudo apt-get install pulseaudio-equalizer. Shell/Bash March 27, 2022 6:30 PM wise highlight ubuntu. Launch Audacity, start recording. then run the pavucontrol program from a terminal or by pressing Alt-F2 and typing . To install Pavucontrol on Ubuntu, just open a terminal and type: sudo apt install pavucontrol. uk sl kg ri oh yp gh tn ka wf