Gridsearchcv example. i) Importing Necessary Libraries.

from sklearn. 3. These include regularization parameters, scaling GridSearchCV implements a “fit” and a “score” method. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks | Using data from Sberbank Russian Housing Dec 7, 2021 · I am using R^2 (from sklearn. For example with KNN, f1_score might have best result with K=5, but accuracy might be highest for K=10. So this recipe is a short example of how we can find optimal parameters using GridSearchCV. First, we would set the model. You can find them here Feb 14, 2016 · If you pass True to the value of refit parameter of GridSearchCV (which is the default value anyway), then the estimator with best parameters refits on the whole dataset, so you can use gs. models import Sequential from keras. Refresh. pipeline import Pipeline from sklearn. 35 seconds. This calculates the metrics for each label, and then finds their unweighted mean. Estimator that was chosen by the search, i. There is no way for sklearn to know which The ‘halving’ parameter, which determines the proportion of candidates that are selected for each subsequent iteration. 2 documentation Applies transformers to columns of an array or pandas DataFrame. layers. KNN Classifier Example in SKlearn. 1 you can pass sample_weight directly to the fit() of GridSearchCV. Model Optimization with GridSearchCV. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks | Using data from Loan Predication. In that case, they may use the entire training data in grid-search which will split the data according to folds. 24. Another concern I have is that I have increased the code complexity. You have to further access the correct step with your regressor by indexing it, for example: plot_tree(. I would expect the outer CV to test only the best model (with fixed params) with 10 different splits. Here is an example of using Weighted Kappa as scoring metric for GridSearchCV for a simple Random Forest model. However, the docs for GridSearchCV state I can use a . core import Dense, Activation from keras. ColumnTransformer - scikit-learn 0. Apr 19, 2017 · Yes, it's possible. grid_search = GridSearchCV ( estimator = estimator , param_grid = parameters , scoring = 'roc_auc' , n_jobs = 10 , cv = 10 , verbose = True ) May 24, 2021 · GridSearchCV: scikit-learn’s implementation of a grid search for hyperparameter tuning. learn. Two generic approaches to parameter search are provided in scikit-learn: for given values, GridSearchCV exhaustively considers all parameter combinations, while RandomizedSearchCV can sample a given number of candidates from a parameter space with a specified distribution. This is not discussed on this page, but in each estimator’s Sep 4, 2021 · Points of consideration while implementing KNN algorithm. 4. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks | Using data from Titanic - Machine Learning from Disaster If the issue persists, it's likely a problem on our side. 1. Here’s a Python code example that demonstrates how to use GridSearchCV with logistic regression: 1. a) I guess the problem is that you're not returning the model at the end of the wrapper function tuning(). Mar 23, 2024 · We use GridSearchCV from scikit-learn to perform grid search over a specified parameter grid. GridSearchCV implements a “fit” method and a “predict” method like any classifier except that the parameters of the classifier used to predict is optimized by cross-validation. 9938423645320196. clf = GridSearchCV(DecisionTreeClassifier(), tree_para, cv=5) Check out the example here for more details. Aug 11, 2021 · Intuition Behind GridSearchCV: Every Data Scientist working on a model needs the best model for the final conclusive analysis. Defines the resource that increases with each iteration. May 14, 2021 · estimator: GridSearchCV is part of sklearn. 1st try: Sep 18, 2020 · Specifically, it provides the RandomizedSearchCV for random search and GridSearchCV for grid search. The thing I like about sklearn-evaluation is that it is really easy to generate the This example illustrates how to statistically compare the performance of models trained and evaluated using GridSearchCV. Since our dataset is limited the K fold Cross-validation is a good method to estimate the performance of our model. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks | Using data from Homesite Quote Conversion. fit() clf. with MLFlow. Take for instance ExtraTreeRegressor (from extremely randomized tree regression model Jul 9, 2021 · GridSearchCV. The two most common hyperparameter tuning techniques include: Grid search. It's very likely that you have old versions of scikit-learn installed concurrently in your python path. Nov 18, 2018 · Example Let’s import our libraries: import pandas as pd import numpy as np from sklearn import metrics from sklearn import linear_model from sklearn. gridsearch = GridSearchCV (abreg, params, cv =5, return_train_score =True ) gridsearch. As mentioned in documentation: refit : boolean, default=True Refit the best estimator with the entire dataset. Since fine tuning is done for multiple parameters in GridSearchCV, multiple plots are required to vizualise the impact Aug 4, 2016 · 1. Validation Curve is meant to depict the impact of single parameter in training and cross validation scores. We use xgb. Each function has its own parameters that can be tuned. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks | Using data from No attached data sources Oct 14, 2021 · For example, my codes for Linear Regression is as below: from sklearn. scoring=["f1", "precision"]. Imports the necessary libraries. MultiOutputRegressor have at the estimator itself and the param_grid need to changed accordingly. model_selection import GridSearchCV , train_test_split Mar 23, 2018 · The GridSearchCV will return an object with quite a lot information. Jan 5, 2016 · 10. A object of that type is instantiated for each grid point. XGBRegressor(), from XGBoost’s Scikit-learn API. But there are other options in order to compute f1 with multiple labels. linear_model. Split the data into two parts, 80% of the data will be used as training data while 20% will be used as testing data. This won’t really be an issue with small datasets as the compute time would be in the scale of minute but when working with larger datasets with sizes in scales Oct 22, 2023 · For example, if you have three hyperparameters with 3, 4, and 2 possible values respectively, GridSearchCV will evaluate the model on (3 * 4 * 2 = 24) different combinations. Both techniques evaluate models for a given hyperparameter vector using cross-validation, hence the “ CV ” suffix of each class name. The instance of pipeline is passed to GridSearchCV via estimator. metrics import cohen_kappa_score, make_scorer kappa_scorer = make Apr 12, 2017 · refit=True)) clf. I am not completely sure how to set this up correctly. Can you please show in my above example code how to do it? Alternately, let's say I fix on 3 hidden layers. Re @Maths12, you can pass scoring as in sklearn gridsearchcv to the train_model method, e. Why is it needed? I thought that something equivalent to KFold is already applied as part of GridSearchCV, by specifying the parameter of cv in GridSearchCV. linear_model import LinearRegression. Foi disponinilizado o Jupter Notebook com detalhes pormenorizados do uso Then, I could use GridSearchCV: from sklearn. It also implements “score_samples”, “predict”, “predict_proba”, “decision_function”, “transform” and “inverse_transform” if they are implemented in the estimator used. So, how could I include the linear kernel in this GridSearch? For example, In a simple GridSearch (without Pipeline) I could do: Something went wrong and this page crashed! If the issue persists, it's likely a problem on our side. content_copy. Aug 19, 2019 · In the last setup step, I configure the GridSearchCV object. It can be implemente in a similar fashion to that of @sascha method: def plot_grid_search(cv_results, grid_param_1, grid_param_2, name_param_1, name_param_2): # Get Test Scores Mean and std for each grid search. Before trying to tune the parameters for this model I ran XGBRegres Jun 26, 2021 · I am trying to generate a heatmap for the GridSearchCV results from sklearn. We will use cross validation using KerasClassifier and GridSearchCV; Tune hyperparameters like number of epochs, number of neurons and batch Feb 6, 2022 · Here we create an SVM classifier that will be trained using the training data. In our example, we have created cv_fold=4 so we get four May 18, 2017 · One concern I have with a nested GridSearchCV is that I might be doing nested cross validation as well, so instead of grid searching on 66% of the train data, it might be effectively grid searching on 43. Dec 6, 2023 · GridSearchCV method in the scikit-learn library automates this process by testing a range of hyperparameter values and selecting the best combination based on cross-validation. Pipelining: chaining a PCA and a logistic regression. – Apr 24, 2017 · I want to improve the parameters of this GridSearchCV for a Random Forest Regressor. SyntaxError: Unexpected token < in JSON at position 4. grid_search import GridSearchCV from nltk. Here is an example with RandomForestClassifier as the estimator, however this approach should work with any other estimator as well: Jan 19, 2023 · Step 4 - Using GridSearchCV and Printing Results. scores_mean = cv_results['mean_test_score'] If the issue persists, it's likely a problem on our side. keyboard_arrow_up. iii) Reading Dataset. Given a set of different hyperparameters, GridSearchCV loops through all possible values and combinations of the hyperparameter and fits the model on the training dataset. Datapoints will belong to one of two possible classes to be predicted by two Examples to learn scikit-learn package for Machine learning through Python - thmavri/LearnScikitExamples Jun 19, 2024 · By performing an exhaustive search over a set of hyperparameters, the function evaluates each combination using cross-validation and returns the best hyperparameter combination according to the model performance target. Using randomized search for the code example below took 3. from time import time import matplotlib. Hyperparameter tunes the GBR Classifier model using GridSearchCV. from xgboost import XGBRegressor from sklearn. Since your estimators are Pipeline objects, the best_estimator_ attribute will return a pipeline as well. int, cross-validation generator or an iterable, optional. GridSearchCV implements a “fit” and a “score” method. Apr 14, 2024 · One way to optimize the Random Forest Classifier is by using GridSearchCV, which is a method that exhaustively searches through a specified parameter grid to find the best combination of hyperparameters. Prepare hyperparameter dictionary of each estimator each having a key as ‘classifier’ and value as estimator object. best_estimator_['regressor'], # <-- added indexing here. model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn import metrics from keras. corpus import stopwords from nltk. We will start by simulating moon shaped data (where the ideal separation between classes is non-linear), adding to it a moderate degree of noise. model_selection import GridSearchCV grid = GridSearchCV(pipe, pipe_parameters) grid. Let’s try to use the GridSearchCV to optimize the model. From my understanding we can we set oob_true = True in RandomForestClassifier(), we are already evaluating on the out-of-bag samples (so CV is kind of already built in RF). The parameters of the estimator used to apply these methods are optimized by cross-validated grid-search over a . Side note: AdaBoost always uses another classifier as a base estimator : it's a 'meta classifier' that works by fitting several version of the 'base Aug 22, 2019 · If you use multiple scorer in GridSearchCV, maybe f1_score or precision along with your balanced_accuracy, sklearn needs to know which one of those scorer to use to find the "inner winner" as you say. I choose the best hyperparameters using the ROC AUC metric to compare the results of 10-fold cross-validation. Edit: Changed refit to True, when GridSearchCV is used inside a pipeline. Unexpected token < in JSON at position 4. For this GridSearchCV can help build it. Sep 19, 2019 · Fitting the model and getting the best estimator Next, we'll define the GridSearchCV model with the above estimator and parameters. You took the example from scikit-learn - so it seems to be a common approach. Here, we use the GridSearchCV module in order to test a number of combinations of parameters that can optimize the performance of our model. e. #. SVC: Our Support Vector Machine (SVM) used for classification (SVC) paths: Grabs the paths of all images in our input dataset directory. The parameters of the estimator used to apply these methods are optimized by cross-validated This process is called hyperparameter optimization or hyperparameter tuning. Feb 26, 2016 · Your code uses GridSearchCV which is an exhaustive search over specified parameter values for an estimator. Rather than just relying on the mean test score, we should also consider other columns of the cross-validation results to determine which model is the best, especially when the top models’ test scores are This examples shows how a classifier is optimized by cross-validation, which is done using the GridSearchCV object on a development set that comprises only half of the available labeled data. It does return the model that performs the best on the left-out data: best_estimator_ : estimator or dict. An aspect I don't get with nested cross-validation is why the outer CV triggers the grid-search n_splits=10 times. The model also shows no signs of overfitting, as evidenced by the close training and testing scores. Use return model. Feb 9, 2022 · Sklearn GridSearchCV Example. I hope that you've solved the problem by now. callbacks import EarlyStopping from keras. predict() What it will do is, call the StandardScalar () only once, for one call to clf. Parameter for gridsearchcv: Jun 7, 2021 · Here, n_iter=10 means that it tasks a random sample of size 10 which contain 10 different hyperparameter combinations. This helps us find the best combination of hyperparameters for our Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. We use a GridSearchCV to set the dimensionality of the PCA. Jun 23, 2014 · I think you might be looking for estimated parameters of the "best" model rather than the hyper-parameters determined through grid-search. This library contains five methods that can be used to evaluate clusterings: silhouette, dbindex, derivative, dbscan and hdbscan. Approach: We will wrap Keras models for use in scikit-learn using KerasClassifier which is a wrapper. pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn import datasets from sklearn. You can plug the best hyper-parameters from grid-search ('alpha' and 'l1_ratio' in your case) back to the model ('SGDClassifier' in your case) to train again. logistic. Not available if refit=False. The key learning for me was to use the parameters related to the scorer in the 'make_scorer' function. 2. b) k_model = KerasClassifier(build_fn=model, verbose=0) I think should be build_fn=tuning according to how you named your function. In this boxplot, we see 3 outliers, and if we decrease total_phenols, then the class of wine changes. The parameters of the estimator used to apply these methods are optimized by cross-validated grid-search over a Dec 9, 2021 · Thanks for sharing this. Jan 4, 2023 · In this article, we’ve seen four examples that show why you should never blindly trust a scikit-learn’s GridSearchCV's best estimator. fit(X_train, y_train) In this example, svm_clf is the SVM classifier that we defined in step 1, param_grid is the hyperparameter space that we defined in step 2, and cv is the cross-validation scheme that we defined in step 3. Now, I want to tune only neurons ranging as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 $\endgroup$ Oct 29, 2023 · an example for the outcome is: The best parameter for the XGBClassifier are: {'n_jobs': 1, 'n_estimators': 1200, GridSearchCV ROC AUC Score: 0. resource 'n_samples' or str, default=’n_samples’. For cross-validation fold parameter, we'll set 10 and fit it with all dataset data. O GridSearchCV é uma ferramenta usada para automatizar o processo de ajuste dos parâmetros de um algoritmo, pois ele fará de maneira sistemática diversas combinações dos parâmetros e depois de avaliá-los os armazenará num único objeto. vi) Splitting Dataset into Training and Testing set. The clusteval library will help you to evaluate the data and find the optimal number of clusters. This example compares the parameter search performed by HalvingGridSearchCV and GridSearchCV. Oct 13, 2017 · I get the problem: GridSearchCV is trying to call len(cv) but my_cv is an iterator without length. 0, criterion=’friedman_mse’, min_samples_split=2, min_samples_leaf=1, min_weight_fraction Mar 21, 2019 · Como usar o GridSearchCV. # Define the model. Next, we have our command line arguments: Mar 31, 2020 · 1. Applies GradientBoostingClassifier and evaluates the result. This allows us to pass a logger function to store parameters, metrics, models etc. Cross-validation generator is passed to GridSearchCV. It also implements “predict”, “predict_proba”, “decision_function”, “transform” and “inverse_transform” if they are implemented in the estimator used. 54434690031882, 'pca__n_components': 60} # Code source: Gaël Varoquaux Jun 23, 2023 · Visualizing GridSearchCV Results. So an important point here to note is that we need to have the Scikit learn library installed on the computer. columns) dot_data. It should be. preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures from sklearn. LinearRegression (*, fit_intercept=True, normalize=False, copy_X=True, n_jobs=None) From here, we can see that hyperparameters we can adjust are fit_intercept, normalize, and n_jobs. Mar 20, 2024 · In this article, you’ll learn how to use GridSearchCV to tune Keras Neural Networks hyper parameters. If you pass a string it will work fine, but if you want to pass a list (as in my example) then the code needs a small change in evaluate_model. lr_pipe = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), LinearRegression()) Oct 1, 2015 · The RESULTS of using scoring='f1' in GridSearchCV as in the example is: The RESULTS of using scoring=None (by default Accuracy measure) is the same as using F1 score: If I'm not wrong optimizing the parameter search by different scoring functions should yield different results. vii) Model fitting with K-cross Validation and GridSearchCV. def Grid_Search_CV_RFR(X_train, y_train): from sklearn. The performance of the selected hyper-parameters and trained model is then measured on a dedicated evaluation set that was not used during the model Apr 18, 2016 · For example, like in the code below. param_grid: GridSearchCV takes a list of parameters to test in input. ii) About Gender Dataset. compose. scikit_learn import KerasRegressor import pandas as pd import numpy as np import sklearn from sklearn. The top level package name is now sklearn since at least 2 or 3 releases. tokenize import word Aug 19, 2022 · 3. All machine learning algorithms have a range of hyperparameters which effect how they build the model. # Import library. Feb 4, 2022 · For example, running a cross validation model of k = 10 on a dataset with 1 million observations requires you to run 10 separate models, each of which uses all 1 million observations. 56% of the train data. This function helps to loop through predefined hyperparameters and fit your estimator (model) on your training set. iv) Exploratory Data Analysis. I would like to tune two things simultaneously; 'Number of layers ranging from 1 to 3', and 'Number of neurons in each layer ranging as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100'. fit (x, y) Dec 22, 2020 · GridSearchCV (considers all possible combinations of hyper parameters) This method has a single parameter k which refers to the number of partitions the given data sample is to be split into. GridSearchCV is available in the scikit-learn library in Python. model_selection import GridSearchCV. multioutput import MultiOutputRegressor X_train, y_train = make_regression (n_features=6, n_targets=6 May 11, 2016 · It is better to use the cv_results attribute. I found useful sources, for example here, but they seem to be working with a classifier. Depending on your data, the evaluation method can be chosen. wrappers. The example Pipelining: chaining a PCA and a logistic regression shows how to grid search on a pipeline using '__' as a separator in the parameter names. fit(X_train, y_train) We know that a linear kernel does not use gamma as a hyperparameter. Jul 9, 2024 · GridSearchCV, short for Grid Search Cross-Validation, is a technique used in machine learning for hyperparameter tuning. For example, factor=3 means that only one third of the candidates are selected. callbacks import Jan 23, 2018 · For example, some people have data already split into train and test and they can only use train data for fitting. v) Data Preprocessing. Jan 19, 2023 · 1. model_selection, and works with any scikit-learn compatible estimator. The cross-validation followed in GridSearchCV is k-fold cross-validation approach. In this guide, we’ll learn how these techniques work and their scikit-learn implementation. datasets import make_regression from sklearn. One common approach is to create a heatmap that shows the performance (e. I tried using TimeSeriesSplit without the . Best parameter (CV score=0. Comparison between grid search and successive halving. Before using GridSearchCV, lets have a look on the important parameters. Parameters: estimator : object type that implements the “fit” and “predict” methods. Aug 28, 2021 · For example, maximum tree depth is set at the top grid values for CD and Bayesian search, but the lambda parameter is totally different for each. You probably need to provide to GridSearchCV a score function that return the logloss (negative, the grid select the higher score models, and we want the lesser loss models) , and uses the model of the best iteration, as in: Jun 17, 2021 · 2. Call 'fit' with appropriate arguments before using this estimator. Learning rate was kept at low levels in each case. What is the convention to hyper-parameter tune with Random Forest to get the best OOB Jun 4, 2020 · Approach 1: dot_data = tree. Error: NotFittedError: This XGBRegressor instance is not fitted yet. Oct 6, 2018 · But when I proceed to using GridSearchCV, I encounter problems. i) Importing Necessary Libraries. experimental import enable_halving_search_cv # noqa from Sep 18, 2021 · References for ColumnTransformer, Pipeline, and GridSearchCV: sklearn. May 10, 2019 · clf = GridSearchCV(mlp, parameter_space, n_jobs= -1, cv = 3, scoring=f1) On the other hand, I've used average='macro' as f1 multi-class parameter. fit(X_test) for prediction. There are 3 different APIs for evaluating the quality of a model’s predictions: Estimator score method: Estimators have a score method providing a default evaluation criterion for the problem they are designed to solve. Dtree. random_state — Controls the randomization of getting the sample of hyperparameter combinations at each different execution May 10, 2023 · Here's an example of how to use it: grid_search = GridSearchCV(svm_clf, param_grid, cv=cv) grid_search. In your call to GridSearchCV method, the first argument should be an instantiated object of the DecisionTreeClassifier instead of the name of the class. 3. The program here is told to run a grid-search with cross-validations. For example: def get_weights(cls): class_weights = { # class-labels based on your dataset. It exhaustively searches through a specified parameter grid to determine the optimal combination of hyperparameters for a given model. Here's my nested GridSearchCV example using the Aug 4, 2022 · Similar to the previous example, this is an argument to the create_model() function, and you will use the model__ prefix for the GridSearchCV parameter grid. model_selection import GridSearchCV from sklearn. g. As we said, a Grid Search will test out every combination. Scikit-Learn also has RandomizedSearchCV which samples a given number of candidates from a parameter space with a specified distribution. Oct 30, 2021 · The step by step approaches to tune multiple models at once are: Prepare a pipeline of the 1st classifier. max_depth=5, Aug 29, 2020 · An instance of pipeline is created using make_pipeline method from sklearn. Hope that helps! Dec 26, 2020 · Another example : Image Source: Image created by the author. Nov 11, 2019 · import numpy as np from collections import Counter from sklearn. Jun 14, 2020 · 16. Example 1: Optimizing Random Forest Classifier using GridSearchCV Metrics and scoring: quantifying the quality of predictions #. time: Used to time how long the grid search takes. Generally, it is a good idea to prepare data to the range of the different transfer functions, which you will not do in this case. In scikit-learn version 1. The hyperparameter keys should start with the word of the classifier separated by ‘__’ (double underscore). The Gradient Boost Classifier supports only the following parameters, it doesn't have the parameter 'seed' and 'missing' instead use random_state as seed, The supported parameters :-loss=’deviance’, learning_rate=0. Apr 2, 2020 · Any parameter passed to GridSearchCV’s fit is cascaded down to the fit method of the estimators within GridSearchCV. estimator which gave highest score (or smallest loss if specified) on the left out data. Apr 8, 2023 · Similar to the previous example, this is an argument to the class constructor of the model, and you will use the module__ prefix for the GridSearchCV parameter grid. In the example given in this post, the default Dec 26, 2019 · sklearn. LogisticRegression refers to a very old version of scikit-learn. For this example, we’ll use a K-nearest neighbour classifier and run through a number of hyper-parameters. Jun 19, 2020 · If I'm using GridSearchCV(), the training set and testing set change with each fold. Loads the dataset and performs train_test_split. split(X) but it still didn't work. Randomized search. 874): {'logistic__C': 21. fit() instead of multiple calls as you described. pipeline import make_pipeline. You can use the cv_results_ attribute of GridSearchCV and get the results for each combination of hyperparameters. Both classes require two arguments. export_graphviz(model. The PCA does an unsupervised dimensionality reduction, while the logistic regression does the prediction. Now that you have a strong understanding of the theory behind Scikit-Learn’s GridSearchCV, let’s explore an example. Let’s load the penguins dataset that comes bundled into Seaborn: Jun 8, 2022 · The parameter tuning using GridSearchCV improved the model’s performance by over 20%, from ~44% to ~66%. estimator: In this we have to pass the models or functions on which we want to use GridSearchCV; param_grid: Dictionary or list of parameters of models or function in which GridSearchCV have to select the best. metrics) as my scoring function, but when the grid search finishes it throws a best score of -282. I'm sure I'm overlooking something simple, thanks!! Apr 30, 2024 · GridSearchCV is a function that comes in Scikit-learn’s (or SK-learn) model_selection package. (For example, if cv=3, isn't GridSearchCV also doing the part of KFold with 3 folds?) Oct 5, 2021 · What is GridSearchCV? GridSearchCV is a module of the Sklearn model_selection package that is used for Hyperparameter tuning. A JSON array of parameter grid is created for passing the same to GridSearchCV via param_grid. best_estimator_, out_file=None, filled=True, rounded=True, feature_names=X_train. Of course, 68 trials have been performed out of the possible combinations (which is 631 800), but the model has been improved while saving at least Sep 28, 2018 · from keras. For an example use case of Pipeline combined with GridSearchCV, refer to Selecting dimensionality reduction with Pipeline and GridSearchCV. The first is the model that you are optimizing. pip install clusteval. All parameters in the grid search that don't start with base_estimator__ are Adaboost's, and the others are 'forwarded' to the object we pass as base_estimator argument (DTC in the sample). Here’s an example of how to visualize the grid search results using a heatmap: Jun 10, 2020 · 12. import numpy as np. GridSearch does not guarantee that we will always find the globally optimal combination of parameter values. , accuracy) of different parameter combinations. Read more in the User Guide. You can visualize the results of a grid search using matplotlib. The class name scikits. Therefore, random search only trains 10 different models (previously, 576 models with Grid Search). 1, n_estimators=100, subsample=1. pipeline. de cx vu mp dc nf rw kc jh gd